Biological toxins are entrenched within ecosystems. Thus, animals are often exposed to
such toxins, and how they adapt can be a key determinant of their evolutionary trajectories …

Covering: 2011 to 2022 The natural world is a prolific source of some of the most interesting,
rare, and complex molecules known, harnessing sophisticated biosynthetic machinery …

Voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1. 6 plays a crucial role in neuronal firing in the central
nervous system (CNS). Aberrant function of Nav1. 6 may lead to epilepsy and other …

Marine neurotoxins are natural products produced by phytoplankton and select species of
invertebrates and fish. These compounds interact with voltage-gated sodium, potassium and …

Neurotoxins attack and destruct the nervous system, which can cause serious health
problems and security threats. Existing detoxification approaches, such as antibodies and …

Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels play fundamental roles in initiating and propagating
action potentials. NaV1. 3 is involved in numerous physiological processes including …

The production of toxic metabolites by cyanobacterial blooms represents a significant threat
to the health of humans and ecosystems worldwide. Here we summarize the current state of …

Protein toxins secreted from pathogenic bacteria and venomous animals rely on multiple
mechanisms to overcome the cell membrane barrier to inflict their virulence effect. A …

The hinged-lid model was long accepted as the canonical model for fast inactivation in Nav
channels. It predicts that the hydrophobic IFM motif acts intracellularly as the gating particle …

Stings of certain ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) can cause intense, long-lasting
nociception. Here we show that the major contributors to these symptoms are venom …