Urea is the key nitrogenous waste product generated in the urea cycle in ureotelic animals.
Apart from that, urea and its derivatives are manufactured on a large scale for various …

Discharging large amounts of domestic and industrial wastewater drastically increases the
reactive nitrogen content in aquatic ecosystems, which causes severe ecological stress and …

Advanced drinking water treatment process using nanofiltration (NF) membranes has
gained attention recently because it removes many challenging constituents in …

The increasing global population, over the last few decades, brought about the rise in
synthetic fertiliser market prices along with explosive agricultural demand. Source …

Urine has an intricate composition with high concentrations of organic compounds like urea,
creatinine, and uric acid. Urine poses a formidable challenge for advanced effluent …

Human urine can be used as a fertilizer, however, due to the high water content (97%),
concentration is required to make transportation economically feasible. Reverse osmosis …

Membrane fouling and ammonium transmembrane diffusion simultaneously pose great
challenges in membrane-based pre-concentration of domestic wastewater for efficient …

Urine is a 'valuable waste'that can be exploited to generate bioelectricity and recover key
nutrients for producing NPK-rich biofertilizers. In recent times, improved and innovative …

Membrane Contractor (MC) is a separation method that has had growing interest because of
its recovery performance and comparably lower energy consumption. Herein, a two-stage …

Forward osmosis (FO) is a low-pressure membrane process that can selectively separate
low molecular weight neutral compounds such as ammonia from urine. However, an …