A survey for immune genes in the genome for the purple sea urchin has shown that the
immune system is complex and sophisticated. By inference, immune responses of all …

Echinoderms, an ancient and very successful phylum of marine invertebrates, play a central
role in the maintenance of ecosystem integrity and are constantly exposed to environmental …

The Echinodermata are an ancient phylum of benthic marine invertebrates with a dispersal-
stage planktonic larva. These animals have innate immune systems characterized initially by …

The sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (P. lividus) was exposed to either virgin or biofilm-
covered polystyrene microbeads (micro-PS, 45 μm) in order to test the effect of microbial …

Marine life is extremely sensitive to the effects of environmental noise due to its reliance on
underwater sounds for basic life functions, such as searching for food and mating. However …

Despite intense study in mammals, the different roles played by the immune system in
detecting (immunosurveillance), controlling and remodeling (immunoediting) neoplasia, and …

Cellular immune defences in sea urchins are shared amongst the coelomocytes-a
heterogeneous population of cells residing in the coelomic fluid (blood equivalent) and …

The concept of adaptive immunity suggests de novo generation in each individual RI H
[WUHPHO\ODUJH UHSHUWRLUHV RI GLYHUVLfiHG UHFHSWRUV DQG VHOHFWLYH …

Underwater sounds generated by anthropogenic activity can cause behavior changes,
temporary loss of hearing, damage to parts of the body, or death in a number of marine …

Sea urchin coelomocytes can be collected in large numbers from adult sea urchins of the
species, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, which typically has 12–40 mL of coelomic fluid …