Buzz pollination encompasses the evolutionary convergence of specialized floral
morphologies and pollinator behaviour in which bees use vibrations (floral buzzes) to …

Muscle function during movement is more than a simple, linear transformation of neural
activity into force. The classic work loop technique has pioneered our understanding of …

Limbless locomotors, from microscopic worms to macroscopic snakes, traverse complex,
heterogeneous natural environments typically using undulatory body wave propagation …

Since taking flight, insects have undergone repeated evolutionary transitions between two
seemingly distinct flight modes,–. Some insects neurally activate their muscles …

Insect flight motors are extraordinary natural structures that operate efficiently at high
frequencies. Structural resonance is thought to play a role in ensuring efficient motor …

Flying insects have elastic materials within their exoskeletons that could reduce the
energetic cost of flight if their wingbeat frequency is matched to a mechanical resonance …

Small organisms use propulsive springs rather than muscles to repeatedly actuate high
acceleration movements, even when constrained to tiny displacements and limited by …

New technologies and the increasing integration of biological and engineering approaches
are revealing fundamental new insights into how animals actuate and control movement to …

Muscles act through elastic and dissipative elements to mediate movement, which can
introduce dissipation and filtering which are important for energetics and control. The high …

Many insects utilize both amplitude and frequency modulation of their wingstrokes to control
flight, a combination with potential advantages for flap**-wing micro-aerial vehicle …