Ecosystems are self-regulating systems that provide societies with food, water, timber, and
other resources. As demands for resources increase, management decisions are replacing …

Increased conservation action to protect more habitat and species is fueling a vigorous
debate about the relative effectiveness of different sorts of protected areas. Here we review …

Context A background assumption of landscape approaches is that some landscape
patterns are more sustainable than others, and thus searching for these patterns should be a …

Failure to address unsustainable global change is often attributed to failures in conventional
environmental governance. Polycentric environmental governance—the popular alternative …

Abstract The Earth System Governance project is a global research alliance that explores
novel, effective governance mechanisms to cope with the current transitions in the …

The continuous urban expansion changes the urban ecological landscape pattern and
urban ecosystem functions that possess serious challenge before urban environmental and …

Sustainable development is critical to ensure the future of humanity. Therefore, the
assessment and governance of sustainability becomes a central challenge our society is …

Polycentric theory, as applied to sustainability policy adoption, contends that municipalities
will act independently to provide public services that protect the environment. Our multilevel …

Scholars embrace multilevel governance as an analytical framework for complex problems,
such as climate change or water pollution. However, the elements needed to …

Increases in global mean surface temperature are projected to result in continued
permafrost degradation and coastal degradation (high confidence), increased wildfire …