Mammalian skeletal muscles are composed of a variety of highly specialized fibers whose
selective recruitment allows muscles to fulfill their diverse functional tasks. In addition …

Extended bouts of fasting are ingrained in the ecology of many organisms, characterizing
aspects of reproduction, development, hibernation, estivation, migration, and infrequent …

Metabolic characteristics of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) during
aestivation were studied in the laboratory. The effects of water temperature on oxygen …

Aestivation is considered to be one of the “purest” hypometabolic states in nature, as it
involves aerobic dormancy that can be induced and sustained without complex factors …

Bone mass and skeletal muscle mass are controlled by factors such as genetics, diet and
nutrition, growth factors and mechanical stimuli. Whereas increased mechanical loading of …

Black bears spend several months each winter confined to a small space within their den
without food or water. In nonhibernating mammals, these conditions typically result in severe …

Anuran amphibians exploit a variety of water-deprived environments, including the
Caatinga, a semi-arid biome that is exclusive to Brazil. The Caatinga is characterized by …

Prolonged muscle disuse in vertebrates can lead to a pathological change resulting in
muscle wasting and a loss of muscle strength. In this paper, we review muscle disuse …

Anthropogenic climate change and pollution are impacting environments across the globe.
This Review summarises the potential impact of such anthropogenic effects on animal tissue …

The physiological mechanisms, behavioral adjustments, and ecological associations that
allow animal species to live in extreme environments have evoked the attention of many …