A ubiquitous biological material, keratin represents a group of insoluble, usually high-sulfur
content and filament-forming proteins, constituting the bulk of epidermal appendages such …

Evolutionary developmental biology (evo–devo) explores the mechanistic relationships
between the processes of individual development and phenotypic change during evolution …

Fish, reptiles, and mammals can possess flexible dermal armor for protection. Here we seek
to find the means by which Nature derives its protection by examining the scales from …

Far from the line drawings and black-and-white photos of the past, Infectious Diseases and
Pathology of Reptiles features high-quality, color photos of normal anatomy and histology …

The origin of the turtle body plan remains one of the great mysteries of reptile evolution. The
anatomy of turtles is highly derived, which renders it difficult to establish the relationships of …

Neural crest cells are a vertebrate-specific migratory, multipotent cell population that give
rise to a diverse array of cells and tissues during development. Cranial neural crest cells, in …

The origin and early evolution of turtles have long been major contentious issues in
vertebrate zoology,,,,,,,,,,. This is due to conflicting character evidence from molecules and …

Optimized for millions of years, natural materials often outperform synthetic materials due to
their hierarchical structures and multifunctional abilities. They usually feature a complex …

Natural selection and evolution develop a huge amount of biological materials in different
environments (eg lotus in water and opuntia in desert). These biological materials possess …

Evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo, devo-evo or EDB) 1 seeks as a discipline to
identify those developmental mechanisms that bring about evolutionary changes in the …