Many vertebrates are challenged by either chronic or acute episodes of low oxygen
availability in their natural environments. Brain function is especially vulnerable to the effects …

Neurodegenerative diseases are a broad group of largely debilitating, and ultimately
terminal conditions resulting in progressive degeneration of different brain regions. The …

The detrimental effect of severe hypoxia (SH) on neurons can be mitigated by hypoxic
preconditioning (HPC), but the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear, and an …

We recently demonstrated that δ-opioid receptor (DOR) activation protects cortical neurons
against glutamate-induced injury. Because glutamate is a mediator of hypoxic injury in …

Background and Purpose—Hypoxia preconditioning (HPC), rapid or delayed, has been
reported to induce neuroprotection against subsequent severe stress. Because δ-opioid …

Background: Morphine pretreatment via activation of δ 1-opioid receptors induces
cardioprotection. In this study, the authors determined whether morphine preconditioning …

Stroke is deemed a worldwide leading cause of neurological disability and death, however,
there is currently no promising pharmacotherapy for acute ischemic stroke aside from …

Hypoxic/ischemic injury remains the most dreaded cause of neurological disability and
mortality. Despite the humbling experiences due to lack of promising therapy, our …

The opioid system may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, including cognitive
impairment, hyperphosphorylated tau, Aβ production, and neuroinflammation. Opioid …

Neurons in the mammalian central nervous system are extremely vulnerable to oxygen
deprivation and blood supply insufficiency. Indeed, hypoxic/ischemic stress triggers multiple …