The deep sea encompasses the largest ecosystems on Earth. Although poorly known, deep
seafloor ecosystems provide services that are vitally important to the entire ocean and …

The deep ocean absorbs vast amounts of heat and carbon dioxide, providing a critical buffer
to climate change but exposing vulnerable ecosystems to combined stresses of warming …

The deep sea plays a critical role in global climate regulation through uptake and storage of
heat and carbon dioxide. However, this regulating service causes warming, acidification and …

Octocorals are one of the most ubiquitous benthic organisms in marine ecosystems from the
shallow tropics to the Antarctic deep sea, providing habitat for numerous organisms as well …

Seagrasses form one of the most ecologically important and productive three-dimensional
habitats in coastal seas. Knowing the global distribution of seagrass meadows is essential …

A challenge in implementing biodiversity conservation is in reconciling criteria for identifying
significant areas and representative networks for biodiversity protection. Many international …

Kelp, seaweeds of the order Laminariales, are of ecological and conservation importance
because they form undersea forest habitat for many varieties of fauna and flora including …

Abstract Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) require states and
competent authorities to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs), ecologically …

Circulation patterns in the North Atlantic Ocean have changed and re-organized multiple
times over millions of years, influencing the biodiversity, distribution, and connectivity …

ABSTRACT The Chagos Archipelago was designated a no‐take marine protected area
(MPA) in 2010; it covers 550 000 km2, with more than 60 000 km2 shallow limestone …