Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) greatly increases the risk for liver cirrhosis and
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV isolates worldwide can be divided into ten genotypes …

Substantial advances have been made in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in the past
decade. Approved treatments for chronic hepatitis B include 2 formulations of interferon and …

These guidelines have been written to assist physicians and other health care providers in
the recognition, diagnosis, and management of patients chronically infected with the …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes chronic infection in about 350 million people worldwide.
Given the important role of the most abundant liver‐specific microRNA, miR‐122, in hepatic …

The current available agents for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) include
immunomodulatory agents, such as interferon-α and pegylated interferon-α, and oral …

Background & Aims: Lamivudine treatment is associated with frequent development of
resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) and loss of treatment benefit. In preclinical and phase II …

The management of chronic hepatitis B currently rests with long‐term therapy using oral
nucleoside analogs. The major limitation of long‐term therapy is antiviral resistance …

Highlights•Five nucleoside inhibitors of HBV polymerase have been approved for clinical
use.•HBV polymerase protein priming activity is inhibited by purine analogs.•Entecavir and …

Therapy of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with the polymerase inhibitor lamivudine
frequently is associated with the emergence of viral resistance. Genotypic changes in the …

Besides interferon, only two drugs—lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil—are approved as first-
line therapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in the EU [1, 2]. Each is a nucleoside or nucleotide …