Abstract Organs-on-chips (OoCs) are systems containing engineered or natural miniature
tissues grown inside microfluidic chips. To better mimic human physiology, the chips are …

The failure of animal models to predict therapeutic responses in humans is a major problem
that also brings into question their use for basic research. Organ-on-a-chip (organ chip) …

The major challenges of immunotherapy for glioblastoma are that drugs cannot target tumor
sites accurately and properly activate complex immune responses. Herein, we design and …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles naturally released from cells that are delimited by a
lipid bilayer and are unable to replicate. How the EVs cross the Blood–Brain barrier (BBB) in …

The human intestinal microbiome substantially affects human health and resistance to
infections in its dynamic composition and varying release of microbial-derived metabolites …

Develo** diagnostics and treatments for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is
challenging due to multifactorial pathogenesis that progresses gradually. Advanced in vitro …

Organ-on-chip (OOC) systems are revolutionizing tissue engineering by providing dynamic
models of tissue structure, organ-level function, and disease phenotypes using human cells …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) greatly restricts the entry of biological and engineered
therapeutic molecules into the brain. Due to challenges in translating results from animal …

Blood vessels are critical to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs throughout
the body. The blood vessels that vascularize the central nervous system (CNS) possess …

Simple Summary Tumors are not masses of cancer cells alone but made up of cancer cells,
other cells including fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells, as well as secreted factors …