The recent development of nanoscale fillers, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and
nanocellulose, allows the functionality of polymer nanocomposites to be controlled and …

Biological materials are typically multifunctional but many have evolved to optimize a chief
mechanical function. These functions include impact or fracture resistance, armor and …

Most natural (or biological) materials are complex composites whose mechanical properties
are often outstanding, considering the weak constituents from which they are assembled …

Nacre (mother-of-pearl), made of inorganic and organic constituents (95 vol% aragonite
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) platelets and 5 vol% elastic biopolymers), possesses a unique …

Finding a synthetic pathway to artificial analogs of nacre and bones represents a
fundamental milestone in the development of composite materials. The ordered brick-and …

Natural materials are renowned for their strength and toughness,,,,. Spider dragline silk has
a breakage energy per unit weight two orders of magnitude greater than high tensile steel …

Although strong and stiff human-made composites have long been developed, the
microstructure of today's most advanced composites has yet to achieve the order and …

Nacre (mother-of-pearl) from mollusc shells is a biologically formed lamellar ceramic. The
inelastic deformation of this material has been experimentally examined, with a focus on …

Glasses have numerous applications because of their exceptional transparency and
stiffness; however, poor fracture, impact resistance, and mechanical reliability limit the range …

The requirement for new bone to replace or restore the function of traumatised, damaged, or
lost bone is a major clinical and socioeconomic need. Bone formation strategies, although …