Chitosan is a product of the deacetylation of chitin, which is widely found in nature. Chitosan
is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, which seriously limits both its application …

Peptides are fragments of proteins that carry out biological functions. They act as signaling
entities via all domains of life and interfere with protein-protein interactions, which are …

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) as safe drug delivery carriers, are spontaneously formed
by mixing the oppositely charged polyelectrolyte solutions in water without using organic …

Vaccines have always been the most effective preventive treatment. Advancements in the
field of vaccine is inseparable from adjuvants. Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines …

Vaccines, including subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines, require the use of an
immunostimulator/adjuvant for maximum efficacy. Adjuvants not only enhance the strength …

With the support of modern biotechnology, vaccine technology continues to iterate. The
safety and efficacy of vaccines are some of the most important areas of development in the …

The natural polymer chitosan is the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after chitin
and has been extensively explored for preparation of versatile drug delivery systems. The …

Vaccines activate suitable immune responses to fight against diseases but can possess
limitations such as compromised efficacy and immunogenic responses, poor stability, and …

Chitosan (CS) is a natural polymer derived from chitin that has wide applications in drugs,
vaccines, and antigen delivery. The distinctive mucoadhesive, biocompatibility …

Mucus is a complex viscoelastic gel and acts as a barrier covering much of the soft tissue in
the human body. High vascularization and accessibility have motivated drug delivery to …