Prior testing can facilitate subsequent learning, a phenomenon termed the forward testing
effect (FTE). We examined a metacognitive account of this effect, which proposes that the …

Making metamemory judgments reactively changes item memory itself. Here we report the
first investigation of reactive influences of making judgments of learning (JOLs) on interitem …

Recall from episodic memory has been shown to enhance both memory for the retrieved
information (eg, relative to a restudy control condition; the testing effect, or TE) and memory …

Item memory (eg, recall or recognition of specific items) can reactively change when
metacognitively monitored via judgments of learning (JOLs). The current research explores …

Taking a test on previously learned material can enhance new learning. One explanation for
this forward testing effect is that retrieval inoculates learners from proactive interference (PI) …

Tests following learning serve several important functions, including enabling students to
monitor their progress and identify knowledge gaps, but they are also learning events in …

Background Cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia have drawn widespread
attention. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can modulate cognitive processes …

Memory retrieval not only reveals but can also change memory, as shown by direct and
indirect (eg, forward) testing effects. Three experiments examined the testing effect with free …

Guessing the meaning of a foreign word before being presented with the right answer
benefits recognition performance for the translation compared to reading the full translation …

Interim tests of previously studied information can potentiate subsequent learning of new
information, in part, because retrieval-based processes help to reduce proactive interference …