Bone remodeling replaces old and damaged bone with new bone through a sequence of
cellular events occurring on the same surface without any change in bone shape. It was …

In 1892, JL Wolff proposed that bone could respond to mechanical and biophysical stimuli
as a dynamic organ. This theory presents a unique opportunity for investigations on bone …

Fracture risk is increased in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, these
patients sustain fractures despite having higher levels of areal bone mineral density, as …

Osteoporosis, a common chronic metabolic bone disease is associated with considerable
morbidity and mortality. As the prevalence of osteoporosis increases with age, a paralleled …

The bone is the third most common site of metastasis for a wide range of solid tumors
including lung, breast, prostate, colorectal, thyroid, gynecologic, and melanoma, with 70% of …

Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the concerted actions of bone cells, which
include bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts, whereas …

Abstract TGF-β 1–3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in
mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix …

Collagen, an extracellular protein, covers the entire human body and has several important
biological functions in normal physiology. Recently, collagen from non-human sources has …

During life, bone undergoes modelling and remodelling in order to grow or change shape.
Bone modelling is the process by which bones change shape or size in response to …

During the past decade preclinical studies have defined many of the mechanisms used by
tumours to hijack the skeleton and promote bone metastasis. This has led to the …