Recent advancements in cognitive neuroscience have afforded a description of neural
responses in terms of latent algorithmic operations. However, the adoption of this approach …

The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has a near-ubiquitous presence in the
neuroscience of cognitive control. It has been implicated in a diversity of functions, from …

Emotional arousal enhances perception and memory of high-priority information but impairs
processing of other information. Here, we propose that, under arousal, local glutamate levels …

We propose a Survival Optimization System (SOS) to account for the strategies that humans
and other animals use to defend against recurring and novel threats. The SOS attempts to …

Reinforcement learning and decision-making (RLDM) provide a quantitative framework and
computational theories with which we can disentangle psychiatric conditions into the basic …

The selection of actions, and the vigor with which they are executed, are influenced by the
affective valence of predicted outcomes. This interaction between action and valence …

Many different situations related to self control involve competition between two routes to
decisions: default and frugal versus more resource-intensive. Examples include habits …

What are the neural dynamics of choice processes during reinforcement learning? Two
largely separate literatures have examined dynamics of reinforcement learning (RL) as a …

For centuries, human self-control has fascinated scientists and nonscientists alike. Current
theories often attribute it to an executive control system. But even though executive control …

An organism's survival depends on its ability to learn about its environment and to make
adaptive decisions in the service of achieving the best possible outcomes in that …