We describe how environmental context can help determine whether oxygen (O2) detected
in extrasolar planetary observations is more likely to have a biological source. Here we …

The detection of exoplanets orbiting other stars has revolutionized our view of the cosmos.
First results suggest that it is teeming with a fascinating diversity of rocky planets, including …

Exoplanets smaller than Neptune are common around red dwarf stars (M dwarfs), with those
that transit their host star constituting the bulk of known temperate worlds amenable for …

Context. Previous theoretical works on planet formation around low-mass stars have often
been limited to large planets and individual systems. As current surveys routinely detect …

Context. The TRAPPIST-1 system hosts seven Earth-sized, temperate exoplanets orbiting an
ultra-cool dwarf star. As such, it represents a remarkable setting to study the formation and …

The disk mass is among the most important input parameter for every planet formation
model to determine the number and masses of the planets that can form. We present an …

We show that terrestrial planets in the habitable zones of M dwarfs older than∼ 1 Gyr could
have been in runaway greenhouses for several hundred million years following their …

Star-like objects with effective temperatures of less than 2,700 kelvin are referred to as
'ultracool dwarfs'. This heterogeneous group includes stars of extremely low mass as well as …

We present exoplanet occurrence rates estimated with approximate Bayesian computation
for planets with radii between 0.5 and 16 R⊕ and orbital periods between 0.78 and 400 …

Ultracool dwarfs (UCD; T eff<∼ 3000 K) cool to settle on the main sequence after∼ 1 Gyr.
For brown dwarfs, this cooling never stops. Their habitable zones (HZ) thus sweeps inward …