With the advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), new, high-throughput serial
crystallography techniques for macromolecular structure determination have emerged …

BACKGROUND Conformational changes are essential for the correct functioning of
biological macromolecules. Time-resolved x-ray crystallography extends an extremely …

INTRODUCTION Retinal is a light-sensitive protein ligand that is used by all domains of life
to process the information and energy content of light. Retinal-binding proteins are integral …

A new scientific frontier opened in 2009 with the start of operations of the world's first x-ray
free-electron laser (FEL), the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), at SLAC National …

The SwissFEL X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) facility started construction at the Paul
Scherrer Institute (Villigen, Switzerland) in 2013 and will be ready to accept its first users in …

A variety of organisms have evolved mechanisms to detect and respond to light, in which the
response is mediated by protein structural changes after photon absorption. The initial step …

Carotenoids are ubiquitous and essential pigments in photosynthesis. They absorb in the
blue-green region of the solar spectrum and transfer the absorbed energy to (bacterio-) …

The enzyme soybean lipoxygenase (SLO) provides a prototype for deep tunneling
mechanisms in hydrogen transfer catalysis. This work combines room temperature X-ray …

The amino acid sequence of a protein affects both its structure and its function. Thus, the
ability to modify the sequence, and hence the structure and activity, of individual proteins in …

Serial femtosecond crystallography using ultrashort pulses from x-ray free electron lasers
(XFELs) enables studies of the light-triggered dynamics of biomolecules. We used …