Cardiac contractility is regulated by changes in intracellular Ca concentration ([Ca2+] i).
Normal function requires that [Ca2+] i be sufficiently high in systole and low in diastole …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia that can occur as the result of numerous different
pathophysiological processes in the atria. Some aspects of the morphological and …

Ca2+ is a fundamental second messenger in all cell types and is required for numerous
essential cellular functions, including cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction. The …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a critical regulator of cardiac myocyte function. Principally, Ca2+ is the
link between the electrical signals that pervade the heart and contraction of the myocytes to …

Heart muscle is characterized by a regular array of proteins and structures that form a
repeating functional unit identified as the sarcomere. This regular structure enables tight …

The heart has complex mechanisms that facilitate the maintenance of an oxygen supply–
demand balance necessary for its contractile function in response to physiological …

T-tubular invaginations of the sarcolemma of ventricular cardiomyocytes contain junctional
structures functionally coupling L-type calcium channels to the sarcoplasmic reticulum …

Abnormal cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) function is recognized as an important factor in
the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). However, the specific molecular causes underlying …

Introduction Heart failure (HF) is usually the end stage of the continuum of various
cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism underlying the progression and …

Rhythmic increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration underlie the contractile function of
the heart. These heart muscle-wide changes in intracellular Ca2+ are induced and …