Mountains are key features of the Earth's surface and host a substantial proportion of the
world's species. However, the links between the evolution and distribution of biodiversity …

Tropical Africa is home to an astonishing biodiversity occurring in a variety of ecosystems.
Past climatic change and geological events have impacted the evolution and diversification …

Far from a uniform band, the biodiversity found across Earth's tropical moist forests varies
widely between the high diversity of the Neotropics and Indomalaya and the relatively lower …

Regions harbouring high unique phylogenetic diversity (PD) are priority targets for
conservation. Here, we analyse the global distribution of plant PD, which remains poorly …

We review geological evidence on the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River,
and the paleogeographic history of riverine connections among the principal sedimentary …

Earth's climate has experienced strong changes on timescales ranging from decades to
millions of years. As biodiversity has evolved under these circumstances, dependence on …

This paper and this issue attempt to address how, when and why the phenomenal c.
100,000 species of seed plants in tropical America (the Neotropics) arose. It is increasingly …

Understanding the origins of biodiversity has been an aspiration since the days of early
naturalists. The immense complexity of ecological, evolutionary, and spatial processes …

Plant diversity, like that of most other taxonomic groups, peaks in the tropics, where climatic
conditions are warm and wet, and it declines toward the temperate and polar zones as …

The Earth's islands harbor a distinct, yet highly threatened, biological and cultural diversity
that has been shaped by geographic isolation and unique environments. Island systems are …