Predicting the impacts of global warming on mutualisms poses a significant challenge given
the functional and life history differences that usually exist among interacting species …

The net outcomes of mutualisms are mediated by the trade-offs between the costs and
benefits provided by both partners. Our review proposes the existence of a trade-off in ant …

Associational resistance (AR) is a positive interaction in which a plant suffers less herbivore
damage due to its association with a protective plant. Here, we evaluated whether plants …

Selection together with variation in floral traits can act to mold floral form, often driven by a
plant's predominant or most effective pollinators. To investigate the evolution of traits …

Two species may share a mutualistic interaction if the benefits gained by the interaction
outweigh the costs incurred. In this study, we tested experimentally how the identity of ants …

Extrafloral nectarized plants attract ants, which may protect them against herbivory and
increase plant fruit set production. In some cases, however, ants are ineffective against …

Context-dependence in mutualisms is a fundamental aspect of ecological interactions.
Within plant-ant mutualisms, particularly in terms of biotic protection and pollination …

The Hymnoptera order includes several flower-visiting insects (eg ants, bees, and wasps)
and the coexistence of many different species in the same community can generate …

Mutualistic interactions between plants bearing extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and ants are key
ecological processes in many ecosystems, particularly in the Neotropics. These interactions …

As plantas com nectários extraflorais (NEFs) atraem formigas, que podem protegê‐las
contra a herbivoria e aumentar a produção de frutos. Em alguns casos, porém, as formigas …