Evidence from cross‐sectional and case‐control studies in various populations
demonstrates that adult smokers are approximately three times as likely as non‐smokers to …

The article explores the genetic and environmental risk factors for chronic and aggressive
periodontitis. There is a strong evidence that the familial aggregation associated with …

Tobacco smoking is the main risk factor associated with chronic destructive periodontal
disease. No other known factor can match the strength of smoking in causing harm to the …

It is well known that smoking contributes to the development of lung cancer and
cardiovascular disease, and there is weighty evidence that it has a considerable influence …

To investigate the cytokine profile as biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of
chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with and without obesity, MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE …

This article reviews the effects of smoked and smokeless tobacco on periodontal status,
including the impact of smoking on periodontal therapy and potential mechanisms for the …

Huttunen R, Heikkinen T, Syrjänen J.(Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University
Hospital, Tampere; Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku; Finland) …

Objective. To review the effects of tobacco use on oral health, with particular emphasis on
the effects of periodontal diseases, dental implant failures, and risk of development of oral …

The aim was to compare the clinical (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing
pocket depth [PPD] and clinical attachment loss [CAL]) and radiographic (marginal bone …

Method A search in medical databases using MeSH terms related to “smoking” and
“periodontal…” resulted in approximately 1050 hits. A further selection including clinical and …