Global movement patterns of migratory birds illustrate their fascinating physical and
physiological abilities to cross continents and oceans. During their voyages, most birds land …

In birds, accumulating energy is far slower than spending energy during flight. During
migration, birds spend, therefore, most of the time at stopover refueling energy used during …

Background Songbirds following distinct migration strategies (eg long-vs. short-to medium-
distance migrants) often differ in their speed of migration during autumn and, thus, are …

Background Each spring and fall billions of songbirds depart on nocturnal migrations across
the globe. Theory suggests that songbirds should depart on migration shortly after sunset to …

Background Weather can have both delayed and immediate impacts on animal populations,
and species have evolved behavioral adaptions to respond to weather conditions. Weather …

During annual migrations between breeding and nonbreeding grounds, billions of land birds
encounter migratory barriers en route. Although birds are thought to be more selective (ie …

In many animals, catabolic and anabolic periods are temporally separated. Migratory birds
alternate energy expenditure during flight with energy accumulation during stopover. The …

In many migratory birds, males precede females during migration and arrival at the breeding
sites. Three proximate mechanisms are proposed to explain this phenomenon of protandry …

Migrating animals perform astonishing seasonal movements by orienting and navigating
over thousands of kilometres with great precision. Many migratory species use cues from the …

Migrating birds flexibly adjust their individual migratory decisions, ie departing, routing and
landing, based on intrinsic (eg energy stores) and extrinsic (eg landscape features and …