The concept of pain encompasses a complex interplay of sensory and emotional
experiences associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Accurately describing and …

Pain is a common symptom induced during envenomation by spiders and scorpions. Toxins
isolated from their venom have become essential tools for studying the functioning and …

Animal venoms are considered sterile sources of antimicrobial compounds with strong
membrane-disrupting activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, venomous bite …

Venom and its associated delivery systems have evolved in numerous animal groups
ranging from jellyfishes to spiders, lizards, shrews, and the male platypus. Building off new …

Many neurotoxins inflict pain by targeting receptors expressed on nociceptors, such as the
polymodal cationic channel TRPV1. The tarantula double-knot toxin (DkTx) is a peptide with …

Chronic pain is a major medical issue which reduces the quality of life of millions and inflicts
a significant burden on health authorities worldwide. Currently, management of chronic pain …

Venom systems are key adaptations that have evolved throughout the tree of life and
typically facilitate predation or defense. Despite venoms being model systems for studying a …

Difficult drug targets are becoming the normal course of business in drug discovery,
sometimes due to large interacting surfaces or only small differences in selectivity regions …

Beyond providing evolutionary advantages, venoms offer unique research tools, as they
were developed to target functionally important proteins and pathways. As a key pain …

Venom peptides have been evolving complex therapeutic interventions that potently and
selectively modulate a range of targets such as ion channels, receptors, and signaling …