Water is a critical resource, but ensuring its availability faces challenges from climate
extremes and human intervention. In this Review, we evaluate the current and historical …

Soil, a non-renewable resource, sustains life on Earth by supporting around 95% of global
food production and providing ecosystem services such as biomass production, filtration of …

Climate change and human activities increasingly threaten lakes that store 87% of Earth's
liquid surface fresh water. Yet, recent trends and drivers of lake volume change remain …

Owing to a long history of anthropogenic pressures, freshwater ecosystems are among the
most vulnerable to biodiversity loss. Mitigation measures, including wastewater treatment …

Rivers support indispensable ecological functions and human health and infrastructure. Yet
limited river sampling hinders our understanding of consequential changes to river systems …

In all cities and urban areas, the risk faced by people and assets from hazards associated
with climate change has increased (high confidence1). Urban areas are now home to 4.2 …

Flowing waters have a unique role in supporting global biodiversity, biogeochemical cycles
and human societies,,,–. Although the importance of permanent watercourses is well …

Atmospheric methane is a potent greenhouse gas that plays a major role in controlling the
Earth's climate. The causes of the renewed increase of methane concentration since 2007 …

The evaporative loss from global lakes (natural and artificial) is a critical component of the
terrestrial water and energy balance. However, the evaporation volume of these water …

Global warming-induced melting and thawing of the cryosphere are severely altering the
volume and timing of water supplied from High Mountain Asia, adversely affecting …