In the last few decades, the vast potential of nanomaterials for biomedical and healthcare
applications has been extensively investigated. Several case studies demonstrated that …

TiO2 photocatalysis is widely used in a variety of applications and products in the
environmental and energy fields, including self-cleaning surfaces, air and water purification …

Heavy metals like arsenic, copper, cadmium, chromium, nickel, zinc, lead, and mercury are
major pollutants of fresh water reservoirs because of their toxic, non‐biodegradable, and …

The remarkable achievement by Fujishima and Honda (1972) in the photo-electrochemical
water splitting results in the extensive use of TiO 2 nanomaterials for environmental …

The field of photocatalysis can be traced back more than 80 years to early observations of
the chalking of titania-based paints and to studies of the darkening of metal oxides in contact …

Scientific studies on photocatalysis started about two and a half decades ago. Titanium
dioxide (TiO2), which is one of the most basic materials in our daily life, has emerged as an …

The utilization of solar irradiation to supply energy or to initiate chemical reactions is already
an established idea. If a wide-band gap semiconductor like titanium dioxide (TiO2) is …

In 1991, Iijima reported on the formation of carbon nanotubes (1) using a simple arc
discharge reaction that led to an arrangement of the material in some micrometer long tubes …

Photocatalysis has recently become a common word and various products using
photocatalytic functions have been commercialized. Among many candidates for …

Reverse osmosis (RO) is currently the most important desalination technology and it is
experiencing significant growth. The objective of this paper is to review the historical and …