Summary The interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) family of cytokines and receptors is unique in immunology
because the IL‐1 family and Toll‐like receptor (TLR) families share similar functions. More …

The extracellular forms of the IL‐1 cytokines are active through binding to specific receptors
on the surface of target cells. IL‐1 ligands bind to the extracellular portion of their ligand …

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines. Similar to IL-1β, IL-18 is
synthesized as an inactive precursor requiring processing by caspase-1 into an active …

Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine are imperfect markers of kidney function because
they are influenced by many renal and nonrenal factors independent of kidney function. A …

While conventional pathogenic protists have been extensively studied, there is an
underappreciated constitutive protist microbiota that is an integral part of the vertebrate …

Interleukin-1 is a cytokine with potent inflammatory and immune-amplifying effects, mainly
produced by macrophages during defensive reactions. In mammals, IL-1 is a superfamily of …

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is defined as recurrent episodes of spontaneous
wheal development and/or angioedema for more than six weeks and at least twice a week …

Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome enables monocytes and macrophages to release
high levels of interleukin-1β during inflammatory responses. Concentrations of extracellular …

Background: Sepsis is a deadly immunological disorder and its pathophysiology is still
poorly understood. We aimed to determine if specific pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory …

Inflammation is an innate immune response to infection or tissue damage that is designed to
limit harm to the host, but contributes significantly to ischemic brain injury following stroke …