This review reports on the processes associated with costs of reproduction, including some
theoretical considerations, definitions and methodological aspects, followed by a list of the …

Background Species' life-history and population dynamics are strongly shaped by the
longevity of individuals, but life span is one of the least accessible demographic traits …

Trade‐offs involving life span are important in the molding of plant life histories. However,
the empirical examination of such patterns has so far been limited by the fact that information …

Understanding the factors determining geographic ranges and range shifts of species is a
central issue in ecology and evolutionary biology. Research addressing distributional …

Compared with our knowledge of senescence processes in annuals and biennials, relatively
little is known about age-related changes in perennials. The study of aging in plants is very …

In addition to human‐caused changes in the environment, natural stochasticity may threaten
species persistence, and its impact must be taken into account when priorities are …

Estimates of the sex ratio and cost of reproduction in plant populations have implications for
resource use by animals, reserve design, and mechanisms of species coexistence, but may …

Allocation to reproduction is often examined at the whole plant level from an allometric
perspective; however, investment in reproduction is a hierarchical process which represents …

Compared to animals, plants have been largely neglected in evolutionary developmental
biology. Mainstream research has focused on developmental genetics, while a rich body of …

Understanding how vital rates and reproductive value change with age is fundamental to
demography, life history evolution and population genetics. The universality of organism …