Sulfur mustard (SM) is a notorious, bifunctional alkylating vesicant that was first used in
warfare during World War I in 1917 and since then has been deployed in numerous …

Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane water channel proteins that regulate the movement
of water through the plasma membrane in various tissues including cornea. The cornea is …

Mustard agents are vesicants that were used in warfare multiple times. They are potent
alkylating agents that activate cellular pathways of apoptosis, increase oxidative stress, and …

Exposure to mustard agents, such as sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM), often
results in ocular surface damage. This can lead to the emergence of various corneal …

Nitrogen mustard (NM) is an analogue of the potent vesicating agent sulfur mustard, with
well-established ocular injury models in rabbit eyes to study vesicant-induced ocular toxicity …

Sulfur mustard (SM) remains a highly dangerous chemical weapon capable of producing
mass casualties through liquid or vapor exposure. The cornea is highly sensitive to SM …

Ocular tissue is highly sensitive to chemical exposures. Chloropicrin (CP), a choking agent
employed during World War I and currently a popular pesticide and fumigating agent, is a …

Lewisite (LEW) is an arsenical vesicant that can be a potentially dangerous chemical
warfare agent (CWA). Eyes are particularly susceptible to vesicant induced injuries and …

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent (CWA) that causes severe eye pain,
photophobia, excessive lacrimation, corneal and ocular surface defects, and blindness …

Phenylarsine oxide (PAO), an analog of lewisite, is a highly toxic trivalent arsenical and a
potential chemical warfare agent. PAO-induced toxicity has been studied in lung, liver, and …