Highlights•Bees' specific nutritional requirements are partitioned between pollen and
nectar.•Nectar and pollen provide carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and micronutrients.•Bee …

Proline has been recognized as a multi‐functional molecule, accumulating in high
concentrations in response to a variety of abiotic stresses. It is able to protect cells from …

Proline is a proteogenic amino acid and accumulates both under stress and non-stress
conditions as a beneficial solute in plants. Recent discoveries point out that proline plays an …

Background Floral nectar is an important determinant of plant–pollinator interactions and an
integral component of pollination syndromes, suggesting it is under pollinator-mediated …

Proline has long been known to accumulate in plants experiencing water limitation and this
has driven studies of proline as a beneficial solute allowing plants to increase cellular …

Nectar contains water, sugars and amino acids to attract pollinators and defenders and is
protected from nectar robbers and microorganisms by secondary compounds and …

Proline fulfils diverse functions in plants. As amino acid it is a structural component of
proteins, but it also plays a role as compatible solute under environmental stress conditions …

Bees are herbivorous insects, consuming nectar and pollen throughout their life cycles. This
paper is a brief review of the chemistry of these two floral resources and the implications for …

Nectar properties tend to be similar for plants visited by the same kinds of pollinators, and
much of the available information on nectar chemistry has been collected in the context of …

Plants attract mutualistic animals by offering a reward of nectar. Specifically, floral nectar
(FN) is produced to attract pollinators, whereas extrafloral nectar (EFN) mediates indirect …