Mendelian randomization (MR) is a method of studying the causal effects of modifiable
exposures (ie, potential risk factors) on health, social, and economic outcomes using genetic …

Pleiotropy, the phenomenon of a single genetic variant influencing multiple traits, is likely
widespread in the human genome. If pleiotropy arises because the single nucleotide …

Key questions in COVID-19 are the duration and determinants of infectious virus shedding.
Here, we report that infectious virus shedding is detected by virus cultures in 23 of the 129 …

Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness, is a highly heritable human disease.
Previous genome-wide association studies have identified over 100 loci for the most …

Mediation analysis seeks to explain the pathway (s) through which an exposure affects an
outcome. Traditional, non-instrumental variable methods for mediation analysis experience …

Observational studies have reported the correlations between brain imaging-derived
phenotypes (IDPs) and psychiatric disorders; however, whether the relationships are causal …

Background and Aims Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key players in multicellular,
stromal‐dependent alterations leading to HCC pathogenesis. However, the intricate …

The human proteome is a major source of therapeutic targets. Recent genetic association
analyses of the plasma proteome enable systematic evaluation of the causal consequences …

Objective: Observational studies have shown the association between iron status and
osteoarthritis (OA). However, due to difficulties of determining sequential temporality, their …

Mendelian randomization (MR) is a valuable tool for detecting causal effects by using
genetic variant associations. Opportunities to apply MR are growing rapidly with the …