Abstract The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), and Pain Severity
subscale of the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-PS) are the most frequently used instruments to …

Background Manual therapy (MT) and exercise have been extensively used to treat people
with musculoskeletal conditions such as temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The evidence …

Purpose: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is frequently used by
clinicians to assess anxiety and depression in patients with cardiovascular disease; yet, its …

Importance Treatment of chronic low back pain (LBP) in older adults is limited by the
adverse effects of analgesics. Effective nonpharmacologic treatment options are needed …

Background The minimum clinically important difference (MCID) is used to interpret the
relevance of treatment effects, eg, when develo** clinical guidelines, evaluating trial …

Background: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is frequently used to treat pain-
related conditions, but its effects on low back pain are uncertain. Purpose: To assess the …

Background Physical therapy influences chronic pain by means of the specific ingredient of
an intervention as well as contextual factors including the setting and therapeutic alliance …

Objective The aim of this study was to systematically review dextrose (D-glucose)
prolotherapy efficacy in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Data Sources …

Measures of function in low back pain/disorders: Low Back Pain Rating Scale (LBPRS), Oswestry
Disability Index (ODI), Progressive Isoinertial Lifting Evaluation (PILE), Quebec Back Pain …

Background Low back pain is costly and disabling. Prognostic factor evidence can help
healthcare providers and patients understand likely prognosis, inform the development of …