Many trace metals are essential micronutrients, but also potent toxins. Due to natural and
anthropogenic causes, vastly different trace metal concentrations occur in various habitats …

Iron (Fe) is essential for life because of its role in protein cofactors. Photosynthesis, in
particular photosynthetic electron transport, has a very high demand for Fe cofactors. Fe is …

The functions of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, boron, and chlorine in
plants are discussed. Iron (Fe) plays a crucial role in redox systems in cells and various …

Metal toxicity in plants is still a global problem for the environment, agriculture and ultimately
human health. This review initially addresses the current state of the environmental …

Increased periods of water shortage and higher temperatures, together with a reduction in
nutrient availability, have been proposed as major factors that negatively impact plant …

Despite recent elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of major photosynthetic
complexes, our understanding of light energy conversion in plant chloroplasts and …

Background Soil salinity and alkalinity present a serious threat to global agriculture.
However, most of the studies have focused on neutral salt stress, and the information on the …

The new generation of seaweed extracts, such as Actiwave®, may represent a promising
strategy to reduce the use of phytochemicals in agriculture. Actiwave® is a metabolic …

The effects of high Zn concentration were investigated in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants
grown in a controlled environment in hydroponics. High concentrations of Zn sulphate in the …

Iron is one of the essential micronutrients for plant development and fish growth in
aquaponic systems. Iron is an essential element for photosynthesis, DNA synthesis, and …