The symbiotic interaction between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is often
perceived as beneficial for both partners, though a large ecological literature highlights the …

Virtually all plants and animals, including humans, are home to symbiotic microorganisms.
Symbiotic interactions can be neutral, harmful or have beneficial effects on the host …

Many symbiotic relationships rely on the acquisition of microbial partners from the
environment. However, the mechanisms by which microbial symbionts find and colonize …

Why is it that some parasites cause high levels of host damage (ie virulence) whereas others
are relatively benign? There are now numerous reviews of virulence evolution in the …

During evolution, there have been several major changes in the way that genetic information
is organized and transmitted from one generation to the next. These transitions include the …

Parasites and infectious diseases are everywhere and represent some of the most potent
forces sha** the natural world. They affect almost every aspect imaginable in the life of …

At a time of unprecedented expansion in the life sciences, evolution is the one theory that
transcends all of biology. Any observation of a living system must ultimately be interpreted in …

Parasites have evolved independently in numerous animal lineages, and they now make up
a considerable proportion of the biodiversity of life. Not only do they impact humans and …

▪ Abstract Endophytic fungi living asymptomatically within plant tissues have been found in
virtually all plant species. Endophytes are considered plant mutualists: They receive nutrition …

We propose a conceptual model that maps the causal pathways relating biological evolution
to cultural change. It builds on conventional evolutionary theory by placing emphasis on the …