The human history has witnessed the rapid development of technologies such as high-
throughput sequencing and mass spectrometry that led to the concept of 'omics' and …

Genome editing technologies, particularly those based on zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs),
transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and CRISPR (clustered regularly …

Existing technologies for site-specific integration of kilobase-sized DNA sequences in
bacteria are limited by low efficiency, a reliance on recombination, the need for multiple …

Despite the availability of Cas9 variants with varied protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM)
compatibilities, some genomic loci—especially those with pyrimidine-rich PAM sequences …

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) systems have been
broadly adopted for basic science, biotechnology, and gene and cell therapy. In some …

CRISPR-Cas systems recognize foreign genetic material using CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs). In
type II systems, a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) hybridizes to crRNAs to drive their …

Bacterial transposons are pervasive mobile genetic elements that use distinct DNA-binding
proteins for horizontal transmission. For example, Escherichia coli Tn 7 homes to a specific …

Although single-component Class 2 CRISPR systems, such as type II Cas9 or type V
Cas12a (Cpf1), are widely used for genome editing in eukaryotic cells, the application of …

Engineered SpCas9s and AsCas12a cleave fewer off-target genomic sites than natural
SpCas9. However, understanding their fidelity, mechanisms and cleavage outcomes …

Abstract Type I CRISPR–Cas systems are the most abundant adaptive immune systems in
bacteria and archaea,. Target interference relies on a multi-subunit, RNA-guided complex …