The human body is full of an extensive number of commensal microbes, consisting of
bacteria, viruses, and fungi, collectively termed the human microbiome. The initial …

The gut-brain axis plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis. Many intrinsic and
extrinsic factors influence signaling along this axis, modulating the function of both the …

I. INTRODUCTION 1877 II. STUDYING THE... 1881 III. MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS...
1907 IV. PATHWAYS OF COMMUNICATION 1911 V. MICROBIOTA AND SYNAPTIC... 1929 …

The gut–brain axis (GBA) is a complex bidirectional communication network connecting the
gut and brain. It involves neural, immune, and endocrine communication pathways between …

The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem that comprises of more than 100 trillion symbiotic
microbial cells. The microbiota, the gut, and the brain form an association,'the microbiota-gut …

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is considered the largest immunological organ in the body
having a central role in regulating immune homeostasis. Contrary to earlier belief, the …

The enteric nervous system is largely autonomous, and the central nervous system is
compartmentalized behind the blood-brain barrier. Yet the intestinal microbiota shapes gut …

Neural control of the function of visceral organs is essential for homeostasis and health.
Intestinal peristalsis is critical for digestive physiology and host defence, and is often …

As the importance of the gut microbiota in health and disease is increasingly recognized
interest in interventions that can modulate the microbiota and its interactions with its host has …

The development of human gut microbiota begins as soon as the neonate leaves the
protective environment of the uterus (or maybe in-utero) and is exposed to innumerable …