Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

It is becoming clearer how neurobiological mechanisms generate 'liking'and
'wanting'components of food reward. Mesocorticolimbic mechanisms that enhance …

Emotional states influence bodily physiology, as exemplified in the top-down process by
which anxiety causes faster beating of the heart,–. However, whether an increased heart …

Memories of fearful events can last a lifetime. The prelimbic (PL) cortex, a subregion of
prefrontal cortex, plays a critical role in fear memory retrieval over time. Most studies have …

Modern optogenetics can be tuned to evoke activity that corresponds to naturally occurring
local or global activity in timing, magnitude or individual-cell patterning. This outcome has …

Bidirectional interfacing with the nervous system enables neuroscience research, diagnosis,
and therapy. This two-way communication allows us to monitor the state of the brain and its …

Abstract Information transfer within neuronal circuits depends on the balance and recurrent
activity of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Chloride (Cl−) is the major central …

ChRmine, a recently discovered pump-like cation-conducting channelrhodopsin, exhibits
puzzling properties (large photocurrents, red-shifted spectrum, and extreme light sensitivity) …

The predominant focus in the neurobiological study of memory has been on remembering
(persistence). However, recent studies have considered the neurobiology of forgetting …

Interactions between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and mediodorsal thalamus are critical for
cognitive flexibility, yet the underlying computations are unknown. To investigate …