The cell microenvironment has emerged as a key determinant of cell behavior and function
in development, physiology, and pathophysiology. The extracellular matrix (ECM) within the …

Microfluidic devices enable novel means of emulating neurodegenerative disease
pathophysiology in vitro. These organ‐on‐a‐chip systems can potentially reduce animal …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates molecular trafficking, protects against pathogens,
and prevents efficient drug delivery to the brain. Models to date failed to reproduce the …

The neurovascular unit, which consists of vascular cells surrounded by astrocytic end-feet
and neurons, controls cerebral blood flow and the permeability of the blood–brain barrier …

Translational challenges associated with reductionist modeling approaches, as well as
ethical concerns and economic implications of small animal testing, drive the need for …

The development of biologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs is
essential for the alternative methods of organ transplantation in regenerative medicine, as …

The in vitro simulation of organs resolves the accuracy, ethical, and cost challenges
accompanying in vivo experiments. Organoids and organs-on-chips have been developed …

A major challenge in tissue engineering is the lack of proper vascularization. Although
various approaches have been used to build vascular network in a tissue engineering …

Neural tissue engineering aims at develo** novel approaches for the treatment of
diseases of the nervous system, by providing a permissive environment for the growth and …

Delivering electrical signals to neural cells and tissue has attracted increasing attention in
the treatment of nerve injuries. Unlike traditional wired electrical stimulation, wireless and …