Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are impressive fluid dynamical events in which
large and rapid temperature increases in the winter polar stratosphere (∼ 10–50 km) are …

Local and remote impacts of seasonal snow cover on atmospheric circulation have been
explored extensively, with observational and modelling efforts focusing on how Eurasian …

The stratosphere has been identified as an important source of predictability for a range of
processes on subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) time scales. Knowledge about S2S …

Polar amplification–the phenomenon where external radiative forcing produces a larger
change in surface temperature at high latitudes than the global average–is a key aspect of …

In recent years, the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes have suffered from severe winters
like the extreme 2012/13 winter in the eastern United States. These cold spells were linked …

The Arctic is warming and melting at alarming rates. Within the lifetime of a Millennial, the
volume of ice floating on the Arctic Ocean has declined by at least half. The pace of Arctic …

Strong rivers of westerly winds, known as jet streams, are driven primarily by temperature
differences between low and high latitudes as well as the rotation of the Earth. The jet …

Abstract Purpose of Review Highlight significant developments that have recently been
made to enhance our understanding of how snow responds to climate forcing and the role …

Over recent years there have been parallel advances in the development of stratosphere
resolving numerical models, our understanding of stratosphere-troposphere interaction and …

Abstract The North Atlantic Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation are modes of climate
variability affecting temperature and precipitation in the mid-latitudes. Here we use …