The execution and learning of diverse movements involve neuronal networks distributed
throughout the nervous system. The brainstem and basal ganglia are key for processing …

The external globus pallidus (GPe) of the basal ganglia has been underappreciated owing
to poor understanding of its cells and circuits. It was assumed that the GPe consisted of a …

Optogenetic stimulation of Adora2a receptor-expressing spiny projection neurons (A2A-
SPNs) in the striatum drives locomotor suppression and transient punishment, results …

The globus pallidus externa (GPe) functions as a central hub in the basal ganglia for
processing motor and non-motor information through the creation of complex connections …

The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) is a key midbrain center with roles in
locomotion. Despite extensive studies and clinical trials aimed at therapy-resistant …

The basal ganglia (BG) inhibit movements through two independent circuits: the striatal
neuron-indirect and the subthalamic nucleus-hyperdirect pathways. These pathways exert …

The basal ganglia regulate a wide range of behaviors, including motor control and cognitive
functions, and are profoundly affected in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the functional …

The rodent external globus pallidus (GPe) contains two main neuronal subpopulations,
prototypic and arkypallidal cells, which differ in their cellular properties. Their functional …

In this review, we summarize preclinical and clinical trials investigating innovative
neuromodulatory approaches for Parkinson disease (PD) motor symptom management. We …

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a major neuromodulation target for the alleviation of
neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms using deep brain stimulation (DBS). STN-DBS …