This review paper provides an integrative account regarding neurophysiological correlates
of positive emotions and affect that cumulatively contribute to the scaffolding for positive …

Highlights•Assessing pain in animals is problematic without a distinct definition.•We provide
clear criteria for animal pain that can be used to evaluate if pain occurs.•The empirical …

Background Over 120 million mice and rats are used annually in research, conventionally
housed in shoebox-sized cages that restrict natural behaviours (eg nesting and burrowing) …

One of the most salient attributes of information is valence: whether a piece of news is good
or bad. Contrary to classic learning theories, which implicitly assume beliefs are adjusted …

Whether animals experience human-like emotions is controversial and of immense societal
concern [1–3]. Because animals cannot provide subjective reports of how they feel …

Cognition is defined as the processes by which animals collect, retain and use information
from their environment to guide their behaviour. Thus cognition is essential in a wide range …

Models and experiments on adaptive decision-making typically consider highly simplified
environments that bear little resemblance to the complex, heterogeneous world in which …

The term 'mood'in its scientific usage refers to relatively enduring affective states that arise
when negative or positive experience in one context or time period alters the individual's …

Boredom is likely to have adaptive value in motivating exploration and learning, and many
animals may possess the basic neurological mechanisms to support it. Chronic inescapable …

Traditionally, behavioral, social, and health science researchers have relied on
global/retrospective survey methods administered cross-sectionally (ie, on a single …