The two most urgent and interlinked environmental challenges humanity faces are climate
change and biodiversity loss. We are entering a pivotal decade for both the international …

Phytoplankton are the base of the Antarctic food web, sustain the wealth and diversity of life
for which Antarctica is renowned, and play a critical role in biogeochemical cycles that …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The ocean's biological carbon pump transfers carbon from the surface ocean to the deep
ocean by several distinct pathways, including gravitational settling of organic particles …

Historically, sea ice loss in the Arctic Ocean has promoted increased phytoplankton primary
production because of the greater open water area and a longer growing season. However …

Baleen whales influence their ecosystems through immense prey consumption and nutrient
recycling,–. It is difficult to accurately gauge the magnitude of their current or historic …

The ocean is home to myriad small planktonic organisms that underpin the functioning of
marine ecosystems. However, their spatial patterns of diversity and the underlying drivers …

Dramatic declines in sea-ice cover in the Arctic Ocean in recent decades have the potential
to fundamentally alter marine ecosystems. Here we investigate changes in sea ice between …

The Southern Ocean plays a critical role in regulating global climate as a major sink for
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), and in global ocean biogeochemistry by supplying …

In this article, we analyze the impacts of climate change on Antarctic marine ecosystems.
Observations demonstrate large-scale changes in the physical variables and circulation of …