The dopaminergic system plays important roles in neuromodulation, such as motor control,
motivation, reward, cognitive function, maternal, and reproductive behaviors. Dopamine is a …

G protein-coupled dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5) mediate all of the
physiological functions of the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter dopamine, ranging from …

Microglia, the brain's resident macrophages, help to regulate brain function by removing
dying neurons, pruning non-functional synapses, and producing ligands that support …

Dopamine (DA) regulates emotional and motivational behavior through the mesolimbic
dopaminergic pathway. Changes in DA mesolimbic neurotransmission have been found to …

Addictive drugs cause persistent restructuring of several neuronal cell types in the limbic
regions of brain thought to be responsible for long-term behavioral plasticity driving …

The striatum plays a key role in mediating the acute and chronic effects of addictive drugs,
with drugs of abuse causing long-lasting molecular and cellular alterations in both dorsal …

Dopamine is an essential neurotransmitter for many brain functions, and its dysfunction has
been implicated in both neurological and psychiatric disorders. Parkinson's disease is an …

The transcription factor, ΔFosB, is robustly and persistently induced in striatum by several
chronic stimuli, such as drugs of abuse, antipsychotic drugs, natural rewards, and stress …

Mental illnesses, such as bipolar disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depression
and schizophrenia are a major public health concern worldwide. Several pharmacologic …

Dopamine (DA) signaling controls many physiological functions ranging from locomotion to
hormone secretion, and plays a critical role in addiction. DA elevation, for instance in …