Background Bipolar depression constitutes a major public health problem due to its
substantial burden of disease. Although pharmacological interventions are available …

Abstract (R, S)-ketamine (ketamine) and its enantiomer (S)-ketamine (esketamine) can
produce rapid and substantial antidepressant effects. However, individual response to …

Lithium has been the treatment of choice for patients with bipolar disorder (BD) for nearly 70
years. It is recommended by all relevant guidelines as a first-line treatment for maintenance …

Objectives: Ketamine is a glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist that can be
used to treat major depressive disorder by single or repeated infusions. However, the …

Suicidal behavior is more prevalent in bipolar disorders than in other psychiatric illnesses. In
the last thirty years evidence has emerged to indicate that long-term treatment of bipolar …

Uncertainty remains regarding the relative efficacy of maintenance pharmacotherapy for
bipolar disorder (BD), and available data require updating. The present systematic review …

Background Since its introduction in modern medicine, naturalistic observations emerged
about possible uses of lithium treatment for conditions different from recurring affective …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by mood changes, including recurrent manic,
hypomanic, and depressive episodes, which may involve mixed symptoms. Despite the …

Objective Distinguishing major depressive disorder (MDD) from bipolar disorder (BD) is a
crucial clinical challenge as effective treatment is quite different for each condition. In this …

Background Evidence-based psychotherapies available to treat patients with bipolar
disorders (BD) are limited. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) may target several common …