2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Abstract The Global Overturning Circulation is linked to climate change on glacial-
interglacial and multi-millennial timescales. The understanding of past climate-circulation …

From 10 Be surface-exposure dating we make the case that classic late-glacial moraines in
southwestern Norway, including the iconic Esmark moraine, and in the Southern …

Oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) of foraminifera in marine sediment records have
fundamentally shaped our understanding of the ice ages and global climate change …

The energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere determines the temporal evolution of the
global climate, and vice versa changes in the climate system can alter the planetary energy …

Abstract The Last Interglacial (129–116 thousand years ago (ka)) represents one of the
warmest climate intervals of the past 800,000 years and the most recent time when sea level …

Quantitative constraints on past mean ocean temperature (MOT) critically inform our
historical understanding of Earth's energy balance. A recently developed MOT proxy based …

Ice core records of carbon dioxide (CO2) throughout the last 2000 years provide context for
the unprecedented anthropogenic rise in atmospheric CO2 and insights into global carbon …

The ocean's immense ability to store and release heat on centennial to millennial time
scales modulates the impacts of climate perturbations. To gain a better understanding of …

Deglaciations are characterized by relatively fast and near-synchronous changes in ice
sheet volume, ocean temperature, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, but …