Heart failure (HF) is considered as a severe health problem worldwide, while cardiac fibrosis
is one of the main driving factors for the progress of HF. Cardiac fibrosis was characterized …

During the past decade, an abundance of new evidence highlighted the importance of
inflammation in the development of chronic pathologies such as neurodegeneration, cancer …

The onset of heart failure is typically preceded by cardiac hypertrophy, a response of the
heart to increased workload, a cardiac insult such as a heart attack or genetic mutation …

Akt kinase, a member of AGC kinases, is important in many cellular functions including
proliferation, migration, cell growth and metabolism. There are three known Akt isoforms …

Abstract The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is a key signal transduction system
that links oncogenes and multiple receptor classes to many essential cellular functions, and …

The heart hypertrophies in response to developmental signals as well as increased
workload. Although adult-onset hypertrophy can ultimately lead to disease, cardiac …

A highly conserved signaling pathway involving insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and a
cascade of intracellular components that mediate its effects, plays a major role in the …

Cardiac hypertrophy can be defined as an increase in heart mass. Pathological cardiac
hypertrophy (heart growth that occurs in settings of disease, eg hypertension) is a key risk …

Abstract Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) evolved from a single enzyme that regulates
vesicle trafficking in unicellular eukaryotes into a family of enzymes that regulate cellular …

The mammalian heart is a dynamic organ that can grow and change to accommodate
alterations in its workload. During development and in response to physiological stimuli or …