It is proposed that a cognitive map encoding the relationships between entities in the world
supports flexible behavior, but the majority of the neural evidence for such a system comes …

Although cells in many brain regions respond to reward, the cortical-basal ganglia circuit is
at the heart of the reward system. The key structures in this network are the anterior …

The significantly expanded and updated new edition of a widely used text on reinforcement
learning, one of the most active research areas in artificial intelligence. Reinforcement …

Drug addiction is increasingly viewed as the endpoint of a series of transitions from initial
drug use—when a drug is voluntarily taken because it has reinforcing, often hedonic, effects …

A decade ago, we hypothesized that drug addiction can be viewed as a transition from
voluntary, recreational drug use to compulsive drug-seeking habits, neurally underpinned by …

The neuropeptides oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) are evolutionarily highly
conserved mediators in the regulation of complex social cognition and behaviour. Recent …

Currently, production and comprehension are regarded as quite distinct in accounts of
language processing. In rejecting this dichotomy, we instead assert that producing and …

In the 40 years since Aaron Beck first proposed his cognitive model of depression, the
elements of this model—biased attention, biased processing, biased thoughts and …

A broad range of neural and behavioral data suggests that the brain contains multiple
systems for behavioral choice, including one associated with prefrontal cortex and another …

Recent behavioral studies in both humans and rodents have found evidence that
performance in decision-making tasks depends on two different learning processes; one …