This manuscript gives an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the effects of energetic
particle precipitation (EPP) onto the whole atmosphere, from the lower thermosphere …

Presented here is a review of present knowledge of the long-term behavior of solar activity
on a multi-millennial timescale, as reconstructed using the indirect proxy method. The …

This paper describes the recommended solar forcing dataset for CMIP6 and highlights
changes with respect to CMIP5. The solar forcing is provided for radiative properties, namely …

The heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) is the extension of the coronal magnetic field carried
out into the solar system by the solar wind. It is the means by which the Sun interacts with …

Previously, we have observed that the atmospheric 14C content measured in tree rings
showed a strong increase from AD 774 to 775. Although the cause of this event can be …

By virtue of their rarity, extreme space weather events, such as the Carrington event of 1859,
are difficult to study, their rates of occurrence are difficult to estimate, and prediction of a …

Aims. Although the time of the Maunder minimum (1645–1715) is widely known as a period
of extremely low solar activity, it is still being debated whether solar activity during that …

The literature relevant to how solar variability influences climate is vast—but much has been
based on inadequate statistics and non-robust procedures. The common pitfalls are outlined …

Black swan events are hard-to-predict rare events that can significantly alter the course of
our lives. The Internet has played a key role in hel** us deal with the coronavirus …

Historic geomagnetic activity observations have been used to reveal centennial variations in
the open solar flux and the near-Earth heliospheric conditions (the interplanetary magnetic …