The fish gill is a multipurpose organ that, in addition to providing for aquatic gas exchange,
plays dominant roles in osmotic and ionic regulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of …

Ammonia is present in the aquatic environment due to agricultural run-off and
decomposition of biological waste. Ammonia is toxic to all vertebrates causing convulsions …

Tilapia culture is currently practised in 95 countries all over the world and the number is
expected to increase. This book discusses in detail the principles and practices of tilapia …

Many fishes are ammonotelic but some species can detoxify ammonia to glutamine or urea.
Certain fish species can accumulate high levels of ammonia in the brain or defense against …

Fishes have evolved three fundamental strategies in handling the composition of the
extracellular fluid (plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid): osmoconformity, where fish plasma …

There are diverse physiological functions of nitrogen end products in different animal
groups, including excretion, acid–base regulation, osmoregulation and buoyancy. Animals …

Ammonia is an unusual toxicant in that it is produced by, as well as being poisonous to,
animals. In aqueous solution ammonia has two species, NH 3 and NH 4+, total ammonia is …

The article discusses advances in osmoregulation and excretion with emphasis on how
multicellular animals in different osmotic environments regulate their milieu intérieur …

The Preface to Volume I of" Fish Physiology" noted that a six-volume treatise would attempt
to review recent advances in selected areas of fish physiology, to relate these advances to …

The diversity of mechanisms of ammonia and urea excretion by the gills and other epithelia
of aquatic organisms, especially fish and crustaceans, has been studied for decades …