Several mechanisms and cell types are involved in the regulation of the immune response.
These include mostly regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory macrophages (Mregs), myeloid …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every
tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular …

Chemokines are a class of small cytokines or signaling proteins that are secreted by cells.
Owing to their ability to induce directional chemotaxis of nearby responding cells, they are …

During innate immune responses, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)
functions as a critical signaling adaptor protein integrating stimuli from toll-like receptors …

Unprecedented progress in immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has been made in
cancer treatment. However, the response to ICB therapy is limited to a small subset of …

A steady dysfunctional state caused by chronic antigen stimulation in the tumor
microenvironment (TME) is known as CD8+ T cell exhaustion. Exhausted-like CD8+ T cells …

Objective: This review describes the comprehensive portrait of tumor microenvironment
(TME). Additionally, we provided a panoramic perspective on the transformation and …

Aims Immunotherapy has brought a new era to cancer treatment, yet we lack dependable
predictors for its effectiveness. This study explores the predictive significance of intratumour …

Cancer is a significant global health issue that poses a considerable burden on both
patients and healthcare systems. Many different types of cancers exist that often require …

Although breakthroughs have been achieved with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI)
therapy, some tumors do not respond to those therapies due to primary or acquired …